Electromagnetic research Essay

We can relate the density to the scattering of radiation in the X-ray region by using the mass attenuation coefficient,  µ/? , and the mass energy-absorption coefficient,  µen/?. In the X-ray region (10-100 KeV), we will find that as the electron density increases, the x-ray signal also increases1. X-ray scattering is considered to be due to the electron density of the atoms in a sample2. J. J. Thomson derived a formula relating the intensity of coherent scattering from a particle. If the incident radiation is not polarized, then his relation takes the form: I(2? ) = Io [(e4)/(r2 m2 c4)] [(1 + cos2 2? )/2] where e is the charge of the particle, r is the distance from the â€Å"scatterer†, m is the mass of the â€Å"scatterer†, c is the velocity of light, and [(1 + cos22? )/2] represents the partial polarization of the scattered photon. An electron is 2000 times lighter than a proton. Most nuclei are made up of many nucleons that have an even greater mass than the mass of a proton. Because the scattered intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the mass of the particle emitting the X-ray photon, scattering of X rays from the nucleus is considered negligible compared to the scattering from the electrons of an atoms. We can conclude that X-ray scattering is due to the density of the electron. The probability for coherent scattering decreases with increasing photon energy and increases with increasing atomic number (increasing number of interfering electrons). As a fraction of the total mass attenuation coefficient, ? coh/? is maximal at atomic numbers around Z=10 and photon energies in the interval 30-50 keV. At higher atomic numbers, the relative fraction decreases due to the strong increase of photoelectric absorption with increasing atomic number3. In silicon, for example, the relative probability for coherent scattering is 14% at 50 keV. Let us refer to table 1, where the densities of elements could be found, and figures 2. 1, 2. 3 and 2. 4, the Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation by Gold, Silicon, and Iron respectively. The density of silicon is 2. 330, iron is 7. 874 and gold is 19. 32. In the graphs, as the radiation increases we will notice that the absorption decreases. For gold, this will continue until it reaches 200 eV where a discontinuity takes place. In terms of the densities of the elements, as the density of the element decreases, the coherent scattering also decreases. For example, gold, which has an atomic number of 79, contains a higher electron density than an element such as silicon and iron (of lower atomic number 14 and 26 respectively); therefore the photon-absorption processes are stronger (higher  µ) making gold suitable as a radiation-shielding material. However, the decrease in ( µ) with increasing photon energy (below 1 MeV) means that relatively thick sheets are needed to absorb hard (short-wavelength) x-rays or gamma -rays, compared to soft (long-wavelength) x-rays for example. Photon absorption in the visible region of the spectrum depends on the atomic arrangement of the atoms and their bonding. Pure silicon (Si) is strongly absorbing but silicon combined with oxygen is transparent. For the energetic photons in the x-ray regime, photon absorption is much easier to predict and is independent of the details of atomic arrangement. It depends primarily on the electron concentration per unit volume. Since the concentration of atoms per unit volume only differ by factors of 2 or 3 from each other, the electron concentration in two materials can be estimated from the atomic number, Z. Gold (Z=79) absorbs x-rays much more efficiently than silicon (Z=14) or iron (Z=26). X-ray absorption does depend on the energy of the x-rays and decreases with increasing x-ray energy, E. Absorption decreases nearly proportional to the cube of the energy (i. e. absorption proportional to (1/E3). The eventual rise in  µ indicates that a third process occurs at high photon energy; this is pair production, in which a pair of elementary particles (a particle and its antiparticle of the same mass but opposite electrostatic charge) is created from the energy (hf) of the original photon4. In this case, the two particles are an electron and an anti-electron (more commonly known as a positron, whose rest mass m0 is the same as that of an electron but whose charge is +e). Pair production can be represented by an equation, which represents the conservation of total energy (or mass-energy): hf = 2(m0 c2) + K(-e) + K(+e) Here, (m0 c2) = 0. 511 MeV is the rest energy of an electron, which is equal to that of the positron, so the factor of 2 represents the fact that two particles of identical rest mass are created. K(-e) and K(+e) represent the kinetic energy of the electron and positron, immediately after their creation. If the photon energy were exactly 2m0c2 = 1. 02 MeV, the two particles would be created at rest (with zero kinetic energy) and this would be an example of the complete conversion of energy into mass. For photon energies below 2m0c2, the process cannot occur; in other words, 1. 02 MeV is the threshold energy for pair production. For photon energies above the threshold, a photon has more than enough energy to create a particle pair and the surplus energy appears as kinetic energy of the two particles. BIBLIOGRAPHY Giacovazzo, Carmelo. Crystallography. Retrieved 9 June 2008, . McAlister, B. C. and Grady, B. P. The Use of Monte-Carlo Simulations to Calculate Small-Angle Scattering Patterns. Macromolecular Symposia, 2003. The American Physical Society. X-Ray Radiation from Non-linear Thomson Scattering. Vol. 91, No. 19, 13 November 2003. Retrieved 9 June 2008, . Weidner, R. T. and Sells, R. L. Pair Production and Annihilation. Retrieved 9 June 2008, .

Children’s Play and Their Physical Health Essay

Play among children is a vital essentiality as it leads to social, cognitive and physical development among them during their childhood development. Therefore play among children is a normal routine that emerges during this period of growth. They get to involve themselves in humorous activities i. e. various games like hide and seek hide, foot ball, computer games, and several others which seem to be of interest to them. Through this they are able to enhance their physical health appropriately in the below ways. Through physical play like football and athletics children are able to reduce the prevalence of obesity thus they are able to grow being physically fit and healthly. Also it is through play that Children develop creativity that is derived from imagination, physical cognation and dexterity. Physical exposure of children to play is an essential element of growth and development as it reduces risks of a child to heart diseases later in life. Physical fitness of children is built up as they tend to develop strong muscles through the activities of playing such as playing on the ground play equipment, climbing trees, tugs of wars e. t. c thus making them stable. Play also impacts on Bone strengthening and development especially through ground playing activities such as running, basketball, tennis, rope jumping and hopscotch. Cardio respiratory fitness among children is increased though aerobic activities e. . running, hopping, , dancing, skipping, swimming, bicycling e. t. c Play requires a lot of energy thus children participating need to acquire strength for the activities, therefore a balanced diet is important to enhance their capability to get involved and develop physical health growth. Therefore children play should be emphasized and greatly encouraged through their whole process of development by their parents, teachers, relatives, leaders e. t. c

The Crimean War was a travesty of blunders. How did the war begin and Essay

The Crimean War was a travesty of blunders. How did the war begin and progress How did it end What went wrong Why - Essay Example The Crimean War is primarily remembered for the maladministration of the British army. A number of factors led to the Crimean War. The most important or influential factor was the misunderstanding between the powers. This led to a situation of failed co-operation and diplomacy. Britain and France grew suspicious of the activities of Russia. Before the outbreak of the war, Russia, Britain and France were competing for political influence in the Middle East. These countries were mainly focused on Turkey. Religious differences between these countries led to conflicts over the control and access to religious sites. The French Emperor Napoleon III had the ambition of restoring France as the head of the Christian population. The emperor wanted the support of the Catholic Church in case he decided to attack the Orthodox Church, which was supported by Russia. Russia disputed the advances of the French leader. Russia countered the advances of the French by renouncing the French treaty. They also insisted that Russia was the sole protector of the Ottoman Empire in Turkey and th e Orthodox Christians. In response, France responded by sending its naval forces to the Black Sea, which violated the London Straits Convention (Lambert 98). This led to tensions between the Orthodox Russia and Catholic France. The tensions led to conflicts in 1853 in Bethlehem, which as controlled by the Ottoman Empire. During the conflicts, Orthodox monks were killed by French monks. Tsar Nicholas I demanded a resolution of the disputes between the Catholics and Orthodox. The demand for an end of the conflict was not met by the Turkish court. This motivated Nicholas I to mobilize military resources from Russia against Turkey. As conflicts emerged over the Holy Places, Nesselrode and Nicholas I began diplomatic offences with the hope that they would prevent France or Britain from interfering in the conflicts between the Ottoman and Russia. They also

Research on Occupy Movement Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Occupy Movement - Research Paper Example Almost in every country of the world, inequality is a common issue and except the extreme top level of the system every other person is somehow related to the problem. As the rate of the suffering reached the highest point, the people who are the victims of the system decided to come out of the border and stand together for the same novel cause, and the name of this movement is Occupy Movement. The name itself describes the motto of the movement. The people have come together to protest against the inequality in the economy and the society. The protest is all about the unfairness to the various levels of people in the country or in the world. Discrimination, ignorance, avoidance, and inequality in the power and authority have created the two different categories that are rich and poor. The main reasons behind the protest are the inequality in the income and the ever increasing corruption. The large corporations and banks in Wall Street and the higher political entities who are the 1% of the population are enjoying the wealth of the world and also earning much higher than the rest 99%. Basically, the 99% is compromising in their living standard, their education, their employment and the 1% is relishing the outcome of the compromise. Once the movement has started it should reach a pleasurable and a fruitful end and the outcome of this protest should spread all over the world to erase the inequality forever (Appleby, â€Å"The Wealth Divide†). Thesis Statement Inequality in the system of a country majorly affects the education, employment, culture, and society. The people of the world are not getting enough return on the world economy or revenue in spite of paying adequate taxes to the government and the protestors at last became conscious about the issue and they came to the streets. The movement can either be a pathfinder for the victims of corruption and inequality, where they can join and fight for their rights or it can be neglected by the government a s they have the supreme power which is yet not in the hand of the 99% (University of South Florida, â€Å"Professors Dissect "Occupy Movement"†). Discussion and Argument Almost in every other country in the present world the middle and lower middle class families, groups, students, employees and any other general people are suffering from a common reason, that is inequality in the economy and the society. Being a part of the country and the economy of the country, every people have to pay a certain amount of tax to the government, which depends upon the income of the people. But the major problem is in spite of paying such taxes the people are not being facilitated enough. Most of the world’s wealth and revenue is enjoyed by the higher level of the country who comes under the 1% of the population, and the rest 99% has to suffer for that, by paying donations to the schools for their children, by paying bribe to get a deserved job and by paying extra money to buy a prope rty among others. The government is not being fair to the people as promised (Hertzberg, â€Å"Occupational Hazards†). Every people in the world have certain Human Rights Acts, which support people to have their own say and to stand against the corruption and the unfairness towards them. And the people of the

Economics - Telecommunications Industry Research Paper

Economics - Telecommunications Industry - Research Paper Example All the leading companies are now keen to invest in this prosperous industry. For all these reason this industry is also creating huge amount of employment opportunity across the globe (economywatch.com, 2009). It has a great impact on a country’s economy including both microeconomic as well as macroeconomic effects. The social impact is gaining importance day by day with the popularity of social networking sites and SMS. In cultural terms it has raised the availability of music and films to the general mass. Telecommunication has also changed the medium through which people receive their news. A study of US citizens shows that people get their news from TV or radio rather than by news papers. The benefit of the use of internet is also known to everybody by now. In these several ways telecommunication industry helps the world to engulf the barrier of distance that exists among people. Shifts in demand or supply of a particular commodity occur due to several factors affecting the supply and demand schedule and in the telecommunication industry there exist some factors that can shift the supply and demand schedule upward or downward depending upon the nature of impact. Changes in income, changes in price of other commodities, changes in people’s expectation can influence the demand where as discoveries, introduction of new technologies, changes in input supply can alter the supply schedule directly or indirectly. For example innovation of better and improved technology will help the industry to connect their subscriber in cost that is lower than the previous. More people will demand it leading the demand curve to shift upward and based on improved technology they would be able to serve larger people causing a shift to the supply curve (Amato J D, & Morris S 2002). Price elasticity of demand and supply is a measure of responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied respectively to a change in the price of the same

How occupational stress affects mental health Research Paper

How occupational stress affects mental health - Research Paper Example e to learn why and how stress affects us; the symptoms of the problem along with who is most at risk; and finally what relief measures from stress are available. I feel that being properly informed on the subject can have lifelong benefits to enhance and prolong life at work and outside the work setting. High levels of distress over prolonged periods of time can affect our psychological or mental health. The chances of developing obsessive compulsive and related anxiety disorders greatly increase when trying to deal with worry and tension. In fact, the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual states that â€Å"anxiety is the chief characteristic of all neurotic disorders†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Goldberger and Breznitz, p.573). Primary among all anxiety disorders is obsessive-compulsive behavior. Dobson believes that trying to suppress certain negative feelings or actions can lead to a conflict between the superego and other parts of our personality, and this conflict could eventually develop into obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behavior (p. 146). The author also feels that certain rituals may make a person feel that a threatening situation is temporarily controlled even if it is not controlled (p. 147). Another type of mental health illness is neuroses such as depression and schizophrenia. Mirowsky and Ross showed that people suffering from depression are often also suffering from anxiety. Of the severely distressed, 35 percent could be diagnosed as having major depression; 4 percent for a diagnosis of minor depression; and 22 percent for other anxiety disorders. On the other hand only 3 percent of people who do not qualify for a psychiatric diagnosis are severely distressed (p. 175). Goldberger and Breznitz found that depressed patients report more major stress events than normal control patients, and this is particularly true just before their illness. A study showed a three week period directly before illness was the critical point that

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet And Oedipus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet And Oedipus - Essay Example Sigmund Freud mentions that the repressed attraction may cause a form of psychodrama. This psychodrama has affected Hamlet to the point of losing his senses. Moreover, Hamlet had lost interest in his girlfriend Ophelia indicating that his sexual attraction had shifted to his mother. Sigmund Freud highlighted that sons attracted to their mothers do not seek for love from other members of the society. They have a conviction that their mother is the best. However, this does not happen consciously. The unconscious mind, which bears these thoughts, exerts influence on the conscious mind. Hamlet’s obsession with the issues surrounding his mother’s remarriage compelled him to leave Ophelia completely prompting her to commit suicide. The fact that Hamlet exhibited extreme anger towards his mother who had married Claudius, instead of focusing on the revenge mission, prompted Freud to see the effects of the Oedipus complex. Evidently, Sigmund Freud received criticism for his theo ry of the Oedipus complex. Many scholars focused on conducting psychoanalysis of the play after Freud associated what had happened to Oedipus with the mysteries surrounding the play Hamlet. The Oedipus complex is a repressed attraction in the unconscious mind. However, there are instances when it gets too strong and reveals itself. Boys are likely to be jealous of their fathers because of the repressed attraction. As highlighted above, both Hamlet and Oedipus depicted behaviors that served to ascertain that they were victims of the Oedipus complex.

Privitization of CPB corporation for public broadcasting Essay

Privitization of CPB corporation for public broadcasting - Essay Example The value of science is being perverted and skepticism is more attractive to human mind (White, 1999). Feelings and emotions are prioritized and knowledge is considered irrelevant. Under fascism, some people even scholars consider theory is irrelevant but theory informs good practice and sustainable application (Tompkins, 2005). Theory represents foundation of good practices. Everyday, we are being bombarded with news of celebritization and marketization of goods and services. Too often, all the marketing and advertising serve only as an enticement to attract buyers and hence, the companies will earn higher profits as more and more people buy the products. So is the case of privatization. According to the market, privatization is the solution to public inefficiency but there is no apparent evidence that public sector is inefficient (Rosen, Boothe, Dhalby & Smith, 1999). Indeed, privatization has nothing to do with efficiency. On the contrary, privatization is to transfer public control and ownership of public resources to private sector (Shafritz & Russell, 2000; Guislain, 1997); to change the structure of the economy and the state; to internationalize the economy; to change the role of the state; and to reorganize a new system of a state and economy (Guislain, 1997). We are living under fascism with elite governance that rules by money, cost saving, and beyond democratic accountability (Shafritz & Russell, 2000). One that preaches anti corruption but foster competition while competition creates radical evil (Grenberg, 2005) and fraud, and kept alive by lies that are magnified by the media such as Thierer (1999) argued, in support to the privatization of Corporation of Public Broadcasting, â€Å"the public feel the CPB has performed, its mission is obsolete and redundant today. There now exists an endless variety of high-quality channels with entertainment, informational, and educational programs that do not rely on public funding to bring quality shows to

Improved Ethical Conduct Essay Example for Free

Improved Ethical Conduct Essay Improvement of ethical conduct is influential for the realization of sustainable social and economic development in any organization. Ethical conduct serves the important purpose of strengthening the reputation of an organization in the marketplace. In addition, improving ethical conduct is crucial in mitigating liability costs incurred by the organization. According to some economic and business management analysts, ethical business behavior in a company is instrumental in enhancing cooperation among its stakeholders, a move that functions to enhance the decision making process. This is also important in improving efficiency of executing business objectives. This paper is written in support of the thesis that companies should choose to understand, report on, and improve their ethical conduct as a crucial tool in ensuring sustainable competitive advantage in the market economy. Ethical conduct in an organization is important in protecting and strengthening the reputation of the company (Barnum, Richter, 1994). According to assertion by many people in the community, reputation of a firm is the most important marketing tool for its products. Numerous research findings have provided sufficient evidence linking the purchasing behavior of customers with the perceived reputation of the producing organization. Such findings have been explained by the fact firm reputation is closely attributed with quality and reliability of services, a factor that serves to enhance customer loyalty. In addition, reputation of an organization is important in protecting and enhancing investor confidence (Barnum, Richter, 1994). As an example is the financial scandal of Enron and WorldCom corporations in 2002. these scandals did not only lead to the collapsing of these two giant American corporations, but caused loss of billions of investor capitals, a move that compromised investor confidence in the firms. All these have the indication that enhancing ethical conduct in a company functions to ensure its competitive advantage. Still on improving ethical conduct in an organization is that it enhances the reputation of its individual employees. It has been evidently established that employee recommendations from some companies are highly recognized in the job market. This factor is driven by the fact that such companies have a strong corporate ethical code of conduct, a crucial element in defining the reliability and integrity of the individual. On the other hand, engaging in unethical business practices by individual employee serve both to enhance liability costs and compromise the reputation of the employee in the external job market. Another importance of improving ethical conduct in an organization is that it eliminates liability costs in the organization. According to the provisions of the American as well as international business laws, unethical behaviors by investments are subject to legal proceedings. This is because the law functions the purpose of protecting not only the interests of the firm but also those of the general public, a purpose that is negated by unethical business practices (Barnum, Richter, 1994). Based on this reasoning, it means that organizations engaged in unlawful practices serve to hurt the interest of customers and investors. As an example on improving ethical conduct to mitigate liability is the legal implications brought by the ZZZZ best carpet company. According to available information, the ZZZZ Company was involved in fraud activities to enhance its competitive financial position. However, following the revelation of the scandal, it management were subjected to legal justice and the worth of the organization auctioned to compensate investor who lost in the scandal. In addition, it is not uncommon to hear of customers filing damage cases against companies for falsified advertisements of products. Ethical business conduct is vital in ensuring efficiency of services provision in the organization. Instilling a corporate culture in an organization has it crucial function in ensuring commitment by employees serving in the organization. Just to be appreciated is the fact that the ultimate success of any organization is defined by its effectiveness in meeting the demands of its customers. On the other side, effective ethical conduct dictates for commitment of all stakeholders to the vision, mission, and objectives of the organization. Therefore, improving ethical conduct in an organization is important in improving it service provisions, thus ensuring sustainable competitive advantage of the organization in the marketplace. Improving ethical business practices promotes the decision making process in the organization (Barnum, Richter, 1994). Ethical business behavior serves to mitigate unfair dealings in an organization. It is worth noting that the decision making process of an organization is mainly driven by the financial stand of its investment. This is because such are the defining force of the measures necessary to enhance its economic expansion. This means that, without reliable financial accounting practices, the organization’s decision making process is deemed ineffective. Such practices are to be blamed for the downfall of the big corporations like WorldCom. Thus promoting ethical financial practices is crucial in enhancing the decision making process of an organization. In conclusion, business ethical practices are important component for the realization of long term competitive advantage of an organization in the marketplace. This is because they function to protect and strengthen the reputation of the firm as well as mitigating liability costs to the company. Thus companies should choose to understand, report on, and improve their ethical conduct as a crucial tool in ensuring sustainable competitive advantage in the market economy.

Homeland Security Essay Example for Free

Homeland Security Essay The challenge to traditional policing issued in the 1970s has created a new concept of policing and that is the role of policing in homeland security. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001, the federal government has shifted to a policy of homeland security, and part of that has incorporated local firefighters and local police agencies (Oliver Hilgenberg, 2004). But the creation has a lot of inadequacies. First, so much confusion still abounds in terms of what homeland security means: is it simply being more watchful for suspicious activities, is it intelligence gathering on the part of patrol officers, or is it standing guard at possible terrorist targets in their jurisdictions? Another inadequacy is not so much determining if local police are going to play a role in this new public policy but rather what role they can play. And, beyond determining what role the police will play in homeland security, the natural extension of this is to ask who will pay. Moreover, as the public policy of homeland security is clearly a national policy issue, it would seem that the policy will be an intergovernmental one driven by the presidential administration. While there have been some intergovernmental grant programs implemented, many of these have been slow to reach the local level, raising further questions as to what role state and local police can play without the necessary resources. While it is too soon to determine how this new policy will play out in terms of policing in America, there is little doubt that this will be an active part of the public policy process in policing for years to come. As America responded quickly to the attacks by educating themselves on terrorism and demanding action from government, the president and the U. S. Congress quickly began a process of restructuring government to focus on antiterrorism (prevention techniques) and counterterrorism (how to actively respond to terrorists) measures in order to meet these new demands. The creation of the Office of Homeland Security and its subsequent passage as a cabinet-level department is an inclination that the national government is moving in this direction. In addition, many of the grants for local agencies are now centered on homeland security, and perhaps most telling is the fact that the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services had its budget slashed by the Bush administration, but the Department of Homeland Security has seen its budget allocations increase substantially. Although only time will tell if American law enforcement has entered into a new era of policing, there is little doubt that homeland security has become an overriding policy of the current administration and that, it will continue to be at least until January 2009 (Office of Homeland Security , 2002). Hence, a coordinated response to Homeland Security was good for interagency operations. That is why President George W. Bush signed the Homeland Security Act into law on November 25, 2002 (National Public Radio, 2002). It has been touted to be the greatest reorganization of the federal government since the beginning of the Cold War. Several departments have been assigned to the new Secretary for Homeland Security. Some of the agencies transferred to the Homeland Security (DHS) include the United States Secret Service, National Infrastructure Protection Center, Energy Assurance Office, National Communications System, United States Coast Guard, Customs Service, Transportation Security Administration, Federal Protective Service, Functions of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Office of Domestic Preparedness, Selected functions of the Department of Agriculture, Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, National Bio-Weapons Defense Analysis Center, Nuclear threat assessment programs, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Domestic Emergency Support Team, Metropolitan Medical Response System, National Disaster Medical System, Strategic National Stockpile of the Department of Public Health, Nuclear Incident Response Team, A new Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. Further, this new department is arranged under five Under Secretaries for: (1) Information Analysis and Infrastructure, (2) Science and Technology, (3) Border and Transportation Security, (4) Emergency Preparedness and Response, and (5) Management Services (Oliver, 341-342). The purpose of this massive reorganization of course is to centralize government planning and response. The DHS has been charged to cooperate and coordinate with state and local governments. The CIA and FBI remain separate agencies. In the homeland security, the government is calling for full participation by state and local agencies. Hence, it is good as it seeks to develop cooperative relationships with existing police agencies and homeland defense managers need to negotiate power sharing arrangements with state and local police.

Potentially Inappropriate Medication at a Private Hospital

Potentially Inappropriate Medication at a Private Hospital Abstract The use of certain medications in geriatrics when potential risks outweigh the potential benefit and an effective alternative is available is called as Potentially Inappropriate medication. Because geriatrics are more sensitive towards adverse effects of medications. Beers criteria which is updated and reviewed by American Geriatric society list out 53 medications/therapeutic classes of drugs to be avoided in geriatrics. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted for 9 months in a 650 bed private corporate hospital, South India. All geriatric patients admitted in the hospital during the study period was included. Beers Criteria 2013 were used to identify potentially inappropriate medications. Result: The prevalence of PIM use (52%) was significantly higher in study population. An avg of 10 drugs were taken by the study population. A total of 215 medications were identified as PIMs. Among them 195(90%) medications should be avoided by the geriatrics independent of th eir condition (category I). 66(60%) of the study population had used more than one PIMs. 91(83%) of the PIM users had atleast one DRPs and the mean DRPs value of the PIM users were 1.59à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.3. Conclusion: High prevalence of PIMs in the study population signifies the need of monitoring geriatric prescriptions. Key words: PIMs, Beers Criteria, Geriatrics Introduction In recent years proportion of geriatric hospital admission with comorbidity and polypharmacy has been increasing continuously (1, 2). Adverse drug events (ADRs) are the most common reason for hospital admission, but sometimes it’s not identified. Medication errors (MEs) or conventional adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the common reason for adverse drug events which ends in clinical symptoms. Overall, elderly patients need greater attention to drug therapy and safety parameters (1, 3-5). Greater attention is needed for geriatric population due to age related pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic changes. But appropriate pharmaceutical care for elderly are determined on the basis of clinical trial conducted with adult population.(6) The burden of harm resulting due to the use of multiple drugs in geriatric populations is a major health related problem in developed countries. A research study reveals that around one in four geriatrics admitted to hospitals are prescribed with at least one inappropriate medication and potentially preventable adverse drug reactions accounts for nearly 20% of all inpatient deaths (7). The assessment of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) in geriatric is a challenging work and there is a need for considering many factors which influences the prescribing as well as outcome. Eight well known tools are available to identify the PIMs and studies reports that Beers criteria is the best and easy one to assess the PIMs. Beers criteria also has the advantage over others because it is periodically updated (8).This study therefore aimed to investigate the prevalence of PIM use on geriatric population using Beers criteria 2012 and its association with Drug Related Problems (DRPs) . Methodology Study Site: The work entitled â€Å"A study on prevalence and impact of Potentially Inappropriate Medication use in geriatrics at a private corporate hospital† was carried out in a 640 bedded private corporate hospital, South India. Study Design: Prospective –Observational study. Study Period: Nine months. Inclusion criteria: Patients above age of 65 yrs. Exclusion criteria: The patients who are unwilling to participate in the study and out patients METHOD: A regular ward rounds was carried out in all the wards of General medicine. Each patient’s medication profile was reviewed. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were briefed on the project with the help of patient information form and if they are willing to participate in the study their consent was obtained. The data from medical chart were recorded in customized data entry form. The prescribed drugs were evaluated and PIMs use were identified with the help of Beer’s criteria. The drugs which are identified as PIM are categorized into following: Potentially inappropriate medications /classes to avoid in geriatrics, Potentially inappropriate medications /classes to avoid in geriatrics with certain pathological condition that the listed PIM use can exacerbate Medications to be used with caution in geriatrics. ADRs associated with PIMs use were assessed. Drug interaction and ADR was monitored and reported. DRPs and Drug Risk Ratio (DRR) were calculated for PIMs. DRPs were the sum of ADR, drug interaction and drug allergy.DRR was calculated as the number of DRPs in relation to how often the drug was used (DRPS/number of times used). Results and Discussion In the study period, 212 patients were included in the study as per inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. 110 (52%) patients were found to be prescribed with PIMs listed in Beers criteria (fig no: 01). A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2013) (9) reported that PIM prevalence were 38% in their study population. Increased anxiolytics use as a prophylaxis for hospital related anxiety might be the reason for high prevalence of PIM than the later study. The total number of patients in study population were 110. Among them 62(56%) were males and 48(44%) were females.The study result reveals that PIMs user are mostly males. A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2012) (9) reported that prevalence of PIM use is more among males than females. The age categorization of PIM users was done. The maximum age of PIM users was 93 years and mean age of PIM users was found to be 70.2 ±5.77. The median age for PIM users was 68.5 years. The result indicated that age group of (65-69) were commonly prescribed by PIMs. This results compared with a previous study carried out by Birader K et al (2012) (9) which also reports that PIMs were frequently prescribed in the age group of 65-69 years. The social habit of the PIM users shows that 8(7%) patients were smokers and alcoholics, 14(13%) patients were alcoholics, 21(19%) patients were smokers and 67(61%) patients were teetotalers in PIM users. The comorbidities of the PIM users was analyzed. There were 52 (47%) suffering from hypertension and 32(29%) were suffering from DM. The results shows that most of the study group had comorbidities of hypertension followed by DM and CVDs. A similar study conducted by Fouquet A (11) also reported that most common diagnosis among their study population was hypertension and diabetes. The number of drugs prescribed for the PIM users were calculated (fig no: 2). The mean number of drugs per prescription was 9.9 ±2 with the maximum of 16 drugs and minimum of 5 drugs prescribed. The above results signifies that all prescriptions were in polypharmacy category. A similar study conducted by Blozik E (12) concluded that one of the main factor for PIM use is â€Å"polypharmacy†. The number of PIM drugs per prescription in the study population was calculated (Fig no: 3). The result reveals that 44(40%) were using one PIM drug, 50(45%) were using two PIMs, 14(13) were using three PIMs, 1(1%) were using 4 PIMs and the maximum of 5 PIMs use were found in 1(1%) of the study population. 66(60%) of the study population consumed more than one PIM. The mean was found to be 1.8 ±0.78 and an avg of 2 PIM was used by the study population. A similar study conducted by Dormann H (2013) (13) were reported that 87% of the study population consumed at least one PIM. Among the PIM users the total number of PIM drugs was calculated and it was found to be 215 drugs. PIM users were categorized into three groups according to Beers criteria. (Table no: 2) There were 195(90%) belongs to category I, 12(6%) were in category II and 8(4%) were in category III. The individual categories of PIM was analyzed. It was found that alprazolam 57(52%), clonazepam 17(15%), hyocyamine 10(9%), Lorazepam 10(9%), hydroxyzine 10(9%), zolpidem 10(9%), ketorolac 10(8%) were prescribed in category I (table no: 3). A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2013) (16) reported that alprazolam and cimetidine were frequently used PIM among their study population. Use of hyocyamine in constipation 3(25%) accounts for the most frequent inappropriate drug use in category II (table no: 4). Hydroxyzine in constipation 2(17%), cyproheptidine in constipation 2(17%), ketorolac in PUD 2(17%), clonazepam in frequent fall 1(8%), ketorolac in CHF 1(8%) and theophylline in insomnia 1(8%) were other category II inappropriate medication use. Use of escitalapram 3(40%), mirtazapine 2(30%), fluoxetine 1(10%), sertraline 1(10%) and Duloxetine 1(10%) were the category III PIMs (table no:5). The DRP among the PIM users were analyzed (fig no: . It was found that 19(17%) of the PIM users were free from DRPs. Majority of the study population had at least one drug related problems. The mean value of DRP in the study population was found to be 1.59 ±1.3. The minimum observed number of DRP per patient was one and maximum observed number of DRP per patient was six. The ADR use was monitored in the study population. A total number of 40 ADR associated with PIM use (Fig no:5) and 14 ADR associated with nonPIM use were identified. The study result reveals that one among three PIM users were found to have at least one ADR. A similar study conducted by N. Nixdorff et al (2008) were also reported that PIM users were found to experience ADR most frequently than nonPIM users. As a part of our study, screening of drug interactions were done. A total number of 131 major drug interactions were identified, in that 111 were unique. Among the drug interactions found 16(12%) were PIM-PIM drug interactions, 39(30%) were PIM-other drugs drug interactions and 76(58%) were caused by non PIM drugs (table no: 6). Drug risk ratio were calculated for the study population (table no:7). It was observed that prochlorperazine had the highest DRR (4) followed by phenobarbitone (2), digoxine (2), pentazocine (2) and duloxetine (2). The statistical analysis of obtained results has been done using statistical tools. The association of different variables are analyzed using à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 test. On assessment of association between â€Å"number of comorbidities† with â€Å"number of drugs† and â€Å"number of PIMs† (table no:8), the result proved that â€Å"number of comorbidies† are statistically associated with â€Å"the number of drugs† at 0.001 level of significance and â€Å"number of PIMs† at 0.05 level of significance. It means that as number of comorbidity increases polypharmac and PIM use also increases. On assessment of association between â€Å"number of drugs† and â€Å"number of PIMs† (table no: 9), the result proved that â€Å"number of drugs† are statistically associated with â€Å"number of PIMs† at 0.05 level of significance. This result proves that polypharmacy is one of the reason for PIMs. On assessment of association between â€Å"number of DRPs† with â€Å"number of drugs† and â€Å"number of PIMs† (table no:10), the result proved that â€Å"DRPs† are statistically associated with â€Å"number of PIMs† at 0.01 level of significance but not associated with â€Å"number of drugs† at 0.05 level of significance. This result proves that DRPs is more associated with PIMs than polypharmacy which means it not the number of drugs contributing to DRPs but the use of PIMs. Conclusion Our study identified a high prevalence of PIMs use and associated DRPs in the study population. DRPs due to PIMs is preventable. Development and implementation of new criteria or modification of already existing criteria such as Beers criteria, START STOPP criteria which will helps in safe prescribing practice can reduce the PIMs use. References Budnitz DS, Lovegrove MC, Shehab N, Richards CL. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 2002–12. Budnitz DS, Shehab N, Kegler SR, Richards CL: Medication use leading to emergency department visits for adverse drug events in older adults. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 755–65. Lau DT, Kasper JD, Potter DE, Lyles A, Bennett RG: Hospitalization and death associated with potentially inappropriate medication prescriptions among elderly nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 68–74. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004; 329: 15–9. Chrischilles EA, VanGilder R, Wright K, Kelly M, Wallace RB. Inappropriate medication use as a risk factor for self-reported adverse drug effects in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 000–6 Avorn J, Shrank WH. Adverse drug reactions in elderly people: A substantial cause of preventable illness. BMJ. 2008;336:956–7 Minimizing Inappropriate Medications in Older Populations: A 10-step Conceptual Framework. Ian A. Scott, MBBS, MHA, MEd,a Leonard C. Gray, MBBS, MMed, PhD,b Jennifer H. Martin, MBChB, MA (Oxon), PhD,c Charles A. Mitchell, MBBSd Opondo D. Inappropriateness of Medicationth Prescriptions to Elderly Patients in the Primary Care Setting: A Systematic Review, plos one, aug 2012, volume 7, issue 8 Biradar K; assessment of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly patients at Basavehwar teaching hospital;IJPP 2012dec, vol 5,issue 4, 73-5 Denys TL (2011) Functional Decline Associated With Polypharmacy and Potentially Inappropriate Medications in Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Dementia, Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2011 December ; 26(8): 606–15. doi:10.1177/1533317511432734 Fouquet A, Zegbeh H, Krolak-Salmon P, Mouchoux C. Detection of potentially inappropriate medication in a French geriatric teaching hospital: A comparison study of the French Beers criteria and the improved prescribing in the elderly tool. J Eurger 2012 3: 326-29 Blozik E, Rapold R, von Overbeck J, Reich O. Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication in the adult, community-dwelling population in Switzerland. Drugs aging. 2013;30:561-8 Dormann H, Sonst A, Mà ¼ller F, Vogler R, Patapovas A, Pfistermeister B, Plank-Kiegele B, Kirchner M, Hartmann N, Bà ¼rkle T, Maas R. Adverse drug events in older patients admitted as an emergency the role of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly people (PRISCUS). Dtsch Arztebl Int 2013; 110(13): 213–9. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0213 N. Nixdorff et al. Potentially inappropriate medications and adverse drug effects in elders in the ED. AJEM 2008 26: 697–700 Tables and figures NO. of PIM/prescription Number of patients N=110 Percentage 1 44 40 2 50 45 3 14 13 4 1 1 5 1 1 Table no:1 Number of PIM per Prescription sl no category no. of PIMs percentage 1 PIM drugs/classes to be avoid in geriatrics (category I) 195 90 2 PIM to be avoided in certain pathological condition (category II) 12 6 3 PIMs to be used with caution (category III) 8 4 Table no:2 Categories of PIM sl no Drugs No. of Patients sl no Drug No. of Patients 1 Alprazolam 57 (29%) 16 Nitrofurentoin 3(1.5%) 2 Clonazepam 17(9%) 17 Mirtazapine 2(1%) 3 Hyocyamine 10(5%) 18 Cyproheptidine 2(1%) 4 Lorazepam 10(5%) 19 Diazepam 2(1%) 5 Hydroxyzine 10(5%) 20 Piroxicam 2(1%) 6 Zolpidem 10(5%) 21 Prochloperazine 2(1%) 7 Ketorolac 10(5%) 22 Chlorphemiramine 2(1%) 8 Aceclofenac 9(4.5%) 23 Trihexylphenedine 2(1%) 9 Propoxyphene 8(4%) 24 Digoxin 2(1%) 10 Diclofenac 7(3.5%) 25 Phenobarbitone 1(0.5%) 11 Spironolactone 6(3%) 26 Naproxen 1(0.5%) 12 Prazosin 5(3%) 27 Clinidium-chlordiazepoxide 1(0.5%) 13 Clonidine 5(3%) 28 Indomethacin 1(0.5%) 14 Chlordiazepoxide 3(1.5%) 29 Metachlopramide 1(0.5%) 15 Amitriptyline 3(1.5%) 30 Pheniramine 1(0.5%) 31 Pentazocine 1(0.5%) Table no: 3 Category 1(PIM drugs/classes to be avoid in geriatrics) Sl no Drug Disease No. Patients Percentage 1 Ketorolac CHF 1 8 2 Hydroxyzine Constipation 2 17 3 Hyocyamine Constipation 3 25 4 Ketorolac PUD 2 17 5 Cyproheptidine Constipation 2 17 6 Clonazepam Frequent Fall 1 8 7 Insomnia Theophyllin 1 8 Table no: 4 Category II (PIM to be avoided in certain pathological condition) sl no Drug No of Patients percentage 1 Mirtazapine 2 30 2 Fluoxetine 1 10 3 Sertraline 1 10 4 Duloxetine 1 10 5 Escitalapram 3 40 Table no: 5 Cateegory III (PIMs to be used with caution) NO OF INTERACTION PERCENTAGE PIM-PIM 16 12 PIM- OTHER DRUGS 39 30 OTHER DRUGS 76 58 Table no:6 Categories of Drug Interactions Sl No Drug DRPs Total Drug Risk Ratio 1 PROCLORPERAZINE 8 2 4.00 2 PHENOBARBITONE 2 1 2.00 3 DIGOXIN 4 2 2.00 4 PENTAZOCINE 2 1 2.00 5 DULOXETINE 2 1 2.00 6 NAPROXEN 2 1 2.00 Table no.7 Drug Risk Ratio Sl no Varience No. of comorbidities Chi squire value P value 1 2 ≠¥ 3 1 No. of PIMs 1 5 21 13 12.76* 0.05 2 10 12 15 ≠¥ 3 7 15 12 2 No. of drugs 6-8 13 16 4 26.77* 0.001 9-11 8 25 17 ≠¥ 12 1 7 19 Table no:8 Association of no. of comorbidities with no. of drugs and PIMs . varience No. of Drugs Chi squire value P value 6-8 9-11 12-14 ≠¥15 No. of PIMs 1 16 21 4 3 21.76* 0.001 2 14 24 8 4 ≠¥ 3 2 5 5 4 Table no: 9 Association of no. drugs and no. PIMs Sl no Varience No. of DRPs Chi squire value P value 0 1 2 ≠¥3 1 No. of PIMs 1 11 21 10 2 21.76* 0.001 2 7 23 8 12 ≠¥ 3 1 4 2 9 2 No. of drugs 6-8 9 15 11 1 11.77 0.05 9-11 4 25 6 12 ≠¥ 12 6 8 3 10 Table no:10 Association of DRPs with no. of drugs and PIMs Fig no:1 Prevalence of PIMs Fig no:2 Number of Drugs Prescribed per Patient Fig no:3 Number of PIM per Prescription Fig no: 4 Adverse Drug Events and Its frequency Fig no:5 Adverse Drug Events and Its Frequency

The Death Penalty Is A Necessary Evil Essay -- Pro Capital Punishment

The death penalty is a necessary evil that has a positive effect on society today. It is an effective deterrent of crime as well as a safeguard for society. It also helps to keep order in our cities. It is a just and effective punishment for those who have committed crimes heinous enough to deserve death. The death penalty is not a new idea in our world. Its origins date back over 3,700 years to the Babylonian civilization, where it was prescribed for a variety of crimes. (Capital Punishment p.10). It was also greatly used in the Greek and Roman empires. It continued into England during the Middle Ages, and then to the American colonies where it exists still today. In the colonies, death was a prescribed punishment for crimes such as: murder, rape, arson, and perjury. In America today, the main crime deserving death is obviously murder. (Capital Punishment p.11-15). Does the death penalty truly deter crimes and murder? This question is at the heart of a heated political controversy over the punishment. Opposers to the death penalty say no because of the large amount of people on death row today. They also say that states that have the death penalty have a higher crime rate than those that do not, and therefore it is not effective and somewhat contributes to the problem. (http://www.rit.edu/~wwl2461/cp.html). I must point out though that states that have the death penalty are usually highly urbanized areas that most likely will have high crime rates because of the large population. Rather, in rural states there is no need for the death penalty because the population is most likely low and scattered throughout the region. States that practice capital punishment do so because of high crime ra... ...most effective means of crime deterrent as you can see. It not only punishes those who commit the crimes, but also prevents future crimes by scaring the would-be murderer with the consequence he would pay for his actions. It has proven effective throughout history, and will hold strong through the ages as long as people continue to be corrupt and commit crimes. Bibliography The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints Written by David L. Becker, 2011 pp.b41, 70 Capital Punishment Written by Michael Kronenwetter, 2013 pp. 10-15, 31 "More Blacks Favor the Death Penalty" JET Magazine, Vol. 93, Issue 24, May 11, 2008 pp. 5-6 Pro Capital Punishment Page http://www.rit.edu/~wwl2461/cp.html Capital Punishment http://ethics.acusd.edu/mill.html The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), WEb. 13 May 2015. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=18 The Death Penalty Is A Necessary Evil Essay -- Pro Capital Punishment The death penalty is a necessary evil that has a positive effect on society today. It is an effective deterrent of crime as well as a safeguard for society. It also helps to keep order in our cities. It is a just and effective punishment for those who have committed crimes heinous enough to deserve death. The death penalty is not a new idea in our world. Its origins date back over 3,700 years to the Babylonian civilization, where it was prescribed for a variety of crimes. (Capital Punishment p.10). It was also greatly used in the Greek and Roman empires. It continued into England during the Middle Ages, and then to the American colonies where it exists still today. In the colonies, death was a prescribed punishment for crimes such as: murder, rape, arson, and perjury. In America today, the main crime deserving death is obviously murder. (Capital Punishment p.11-15). Does the death penalty truly deter crimes and murder? This question is at the heart of a heated political controversy over the punishment. Opposers to the death penalty say no because of the large amount of people on death row today. They also say that states that have the death penalty have a higher crime rate than those that do not, and therefore it is not effective and somewhat contributes to the problem. (http://www.rit.edu/~wwl2461/cp.html). I must point out though that states that have the death penalty are usually highly urbanized areas that most likely will have high crime rates because of the large population. Rather, in rural states there is no need for the death penalty because the population is most likely low and scattered throughout the region. States that practice capital punishment do so because of high crime ra... ...most effective means of crime deterrent as you can see. It not only punishes those who commit the crimes, but also prevents future crimes by scaring the would-be murderer with the consequence he would pay for his actions. It has proven effective throughout history, and will hold strong through the ages as long as people continue to be corrupt and commit crimes. Bibliography The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints Written by David L. Becker, 2011 pp.b41, 70 Capital Punishment Written by Michael Kronenwetter, 2013 pp. 10-15, 31 "More Blacks Favor the Death Penalty" JET Magazine, Vol. 93, Issue 24, May 11, 2008 pp. 5-6 Pro Capital Punishment Page http://www.rit.edu/~wwl2461/cp.html Capital Punishment http://ethics.acusd.edu/mill.html The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), WEb. 13 May 2015. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=18

Internet Disaster :: Impact Technology Cause Effect Papers

Internet Disaster The normal developmental process of a teenager is built upon a mastery of their bodies, their minds, and their environment. This process known as adolescence is essential to the development of a healthy sense of self, and the ability to successfully interact with themselves and their environment. In this paper I will examine the lives of 2 teenagers who substituted some of the traditional roles of adolescence with computers and the Internet as their primary link to the world, with disastrous results. A computer is just a tool. When software is loaded, the computer performs a task. There is nothing particularly remarkable about this. A solitary computer while individually powerful has very little interaction with anyone beside its primary user. It is only when a computer is connected to the Internet does it truly appeal to a teenager. Once connected to the Internet the computer enables a teenager to take advantage of all the myriad communication outlets available. These outlets cover a huge variety of interests and technical implementations from MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer On-Line Role Playing Games) to simpler chat systems like IRC (Internet Relay Chat) and MUDS/MOO (Multi User Dungeon/MUD Object Oriented) to AOL’s family of real-time chat systems (Instant Messenger, ICQ). Besides these fairly well known applications, there are dozens of other software applications designed to permit users to communicate in almost any conceivable technical manner in almost any com bination of race, age, gender or era. It is by using this infinite variety of possibilities that a teenager can substitute the normal process of adolescence A computer, like a teenager, needs to learn how to perform a task. In a computer, the process of learning is called programming. In a teenager the process is called socialization. A computer is programmed by creating a series of machine language instructions that are executed by the computer’s microprocessor. Normally, however a computer is programmed through the use of a high level language such as C, or C++. This high level language abstracts the internal hardware of the machine such that the learning curve is easier to surmount. Another piece of software called the compiler accepts inputs from a high level language and outputs machine language code ready to be run. A teenager is programmed by their interactions with themselves, their peers and their own environment.

Colonial Girls School

The poem opens with the phrase, â€Å"Borrowed images/willed our skin pale†, which is an allusiin to many teenaged school girls bleaching their skins with different creams and soaps to become a lighter complexion. The poem as a whole focuse on the rejection of one's color to a more favoured one, emphasised to them by the outer one. Borrowed images from the first world countries, where white is emphasised as better or more beautiful. It also focused on the image of girls' ‘dekinked' hair, yet another image of them rejecting their blackness for a more favourable image, that of white through chemicals to straighten their hair.The poem is one from a formerly colonized country which focuses on the fact that for years, their teachers have only taught them American, British and other aspects of European countries and â€Å"nothing about us at all. † They were taught Latin and SHakespeare, but nothing of their own language and were punished if they used it, but were to ta lk like little madrigals in a choir with the hills and valleys in their tonage, rejecting their baser language.They were taugh of the landscapes of other countries, of kings and queens of England, wheatfields of Canada and Steppes of Russia, but nothing of their own heritage or landscape. Mention of Marcus Garvey and 1838 and the fight for desegregation and the equal rights was mentioned as a beacon in black history, Little Rock, Congo, Lumumba, etc, all aspects of foreigh history, but nothing of their own fight for black empowerment. The writer alludes to a day being able to tell their own Anansi stories with pride, where â€Å"northern eyes in the brighter world before us† would seem pale. Muffled our laughter†, â€Å"willed our skins pale†, â€Å"lowered our voices†, â€Å"dekinked our hair†, â€Å"denied our sex in gym tunics†, â€Å"harnessed our voices to †¦ † and â€Å"yoked our minds† are all negative images.* To sh ow that Jamaicans continue to hold on to a system which deny their culture and race while elsewhere racial barriers are being destroyed. Marcus Garvey, who was famous for his pride in his race, would have been shocked to learn that his country has not yet thrown off the colonial chain. â€Å"†¦ kissed us awake† tells us that someone has given them new information which so alerted them that they threw off the negative images. This was done calmly, gently and lovingly. Examine the word ‘kiss' and you will see that whoever brought the change must have cared, must have confronted them after establishing a close relationship. * The last four lines reveal that with their new found knowledge, the girls no longer find pale skins attractive, no longer yearn to be pale themselves.

History of Reality Shows Essay

1940s-1950s Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s. Queen for a Day (1945-1964) was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts. Debuting in 1948, Allen Funt’s hidden camera Candid Camera show (based on his previous 1947 radio show, Candid Microphone) broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. In 1948, talent search shows Ted Mack’s Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfrey’s Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors and audience voting. In the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Confession was a crime/police show which aired from June 1958 to January 1959, with interviewer Jack Wyatt questioning criminals from assorted backgrounds. The radio series Nightwatch (1951–1955) tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, California police officers. The series You Asked for It (1950–1959) incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers. 1960s-1970s First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television television documentary Seven Up!, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary seven-year-olds from a broad cross section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals during the intervening period, titled theUp Series, episodes include â€Å"7 Plus Seven†, â€Å"21 Up†, etc. (It is still ongoing.) The series was structured as a series of interviews with no element of plot. However, it did have the then-new effect of turning ordinary people into celebrities. The first reality show in the modern sense may have been the American Broadcasting Company series The American Sportsman, which ran from 1965 to 1986. A typical episode featured one or more celebrities, and sometimes their family members, being accompanied by a  camera crew on an outdoor adventure, such as hunting, fishing, hiking, scuba diving, rock climbing, wildlife photography, horseback riding, race car driving, and the like, with most of the resulting action and dialogue being unscripted, except for the narration. In the 1966 Direct Cinema film Chelsea Girls, Andy Warhol filmed various acquaintances with no direction given; the Radio Times Guide to Film 2007 stated that the film was â€Å"to blame for reality television†. The 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family showed a nuclear family (filmed in 1971) going through a divorce; unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style. In 1974 a counterpart program, The Family, was made in the UK, following the working class Wilkins family of Reading. Other forerunners of modern reality television were the 1970s productions of Chuck Barris: The Dating Game, The Newlywed Game, and The Gong Show, all of which featured participants who were eager to sacrifice some of their privacy and dignity in a televised competition.[10] In 1978, Living in the Past recreated life in an Iron Age English village. 1980s-1990s Producer George Schlatter capitalized on the advent of videotape to create Real People, a surprise hit for NBC which ran from 1979 to 1984. The success of Real People was quickly copied by ABC with That’s Incredible, a stunt show co-hosted by Fran Tarkenton. Canadian TV ran Thrill of a Lifetime, a fantasies-fulfilled reality show from 1982 to 1988 which was revived in 2001-03. In 1985, underwater cinematographer Al Giddings teamed with former Miss America Shawn Weatherly on the NBC seriesOceanquest. Oceanquest chronicled Weatherly’s adventures scuba diving in various exotic locales. Weatherly was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in informational programming. COPS, which first aired in the spring of 1989 and came about partly due to the need for new programming during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals; it introduced the camcorder look and cinà ©ma và ©rità © feel of much of later real ity television. The series Nummer 28, which aired on Dutch television in 1991, originated the concept of putting strangers together in the same environment for an  extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued. Nummer 28 also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including a heavy use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact â€Å"confessionals† recorded by cast members, that serve as narration. One year later, the same concept was used by MTV in their new series The Real World and Nummer 28 creator Erik Latour has long claimed that The Real World was directly inspired by his show. However, the producers of The Real World have stated that their direct inspiration was An American Family. According to television commentator Charlie Brooker, this type of reality television was enabled by the advent of computer-based non-linear editing systems for video (such as produced by Avid Technology) in 1989. These systems made it easy to quickly edit hours of video footage into a usable form, something that had been very difficult to do before. (Film, which was easy to edit, was too expensive to shoot enough hours of footage with on a regular basis). The TV show Expedition Robinson, created by TV producer Charlie Parsons, which first aired in 1997 in Sweden (and was later produced in a large number of other countries as Survivor), added to the Nummer 28/Real World template the idea of co mpetition and elimination, in which cast members/contestants battled against each other and were removed from the show until only one winner remained. (These shows are now sometimes called elimination shows). Changing Rooms, a TV show that began in 1996, showed couples redecorating each other’s houses, and was the first reality show with a self-improvement or makeover theme. The 1980s and 1990s were also a time when tabloid talk shows came to rise, many of which featured the same types of unusual or dysfunctional guests that would later become popular as cast members of reality shows. 2000s Reality television saw an explosion of global popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s, with the successes of the Big Brother and Survivor/Expedition Robinson franchises. In the United States, reality television had a temporary decline in viewership in 2001, leading some to speculate that it was a temporary fad that had run its course.  Reality shows with low ratings included The Amazing Race(although the show has since recovered), Lost (unrelated to the better-known serial drama of the same name) and The Mole. However, this proved not to be the case. Survivor and American Idol both topped the US season-average television ratings in the 2000s: Survivor led the ratings in 2001–02, and Idol topped the ratings six consecutive years, from 2004–05 to 2009–10). Internationally, a number of shows created in the late 1990s and 2000s have had massive global success. At least nine reality-television franchises have had over 30 international adaptations each: the sing ing competition franchises Idols, Star Academy and The X Factor, and other competition franchises Survivor/Expedition Robinson, Big Brother, Got Talent, Top Model, MasterChef and Dancing with the Stars. Several â€Å"reality game shows† from the same period have had even greater success, including Deal or No Deal, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and Weakest Link, with over 50 international adaptions each. (All but one of these franchises, Top Model, was created by either British producers or the Dutch production companyEndemol.) In India, the show Indian Idol was the most popular television program for its first six seasons. The 2000s saw three television channels devoted exclusively to reality television: Fox Reality in the United States, which existed from 2005 to 2010, Global Reality Channel in Canada (2010–2012) and Zone Reality in the United Kingdom (2002–2009). In addition, several other cable channels, including Bravo, A&E, E!, TLC, History, VH1 and MTV, changed their programming to mostly comprise reality television during the 2000s.[18] During the early part of the 2000s, network executives expressed concern that reality-television programming was limited in its appeal for DVD reissue and syndication. DVDs for reality shows in fact sold briskly; Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, The Amazing Race, Project Runway, and America’s Next Top Model all ranked in the top DVDs sold onAmazon.com, and in the mid-2000s, DVDs of The Simple Life outranked scripted shows like The O.C. and Desperate Housewives. Syndication, however, has indeed proven problematic; shows such as Fear Factor, COPS and Wife Swap in which each episode is self-contained can indeed be rerun fairly easily, but usually only on cable television and/or during the daytime (COPS and America’s Funniest Home Videos being exceptions). Season-long  competitions such a s The Amazing Race, Survivor, and America’s Next Top Model generally perform more poorly and usually must be rerun in marathons to draw the necessary viewers to make it worthwhile. (Even in these cases, it is not always successful: Dancing with the Starswas picked up for a ten-season run on GSN in 2012 and was run in marathon format, but experienced very poor ratings.) Another option is to create documentaries around series including extended interviews with the participants and outtakes not seen in the original airings; the syndicated series American Idol Rewind is an example of this strategy. COPS has had huge success in syndication, direct response sales and DVD. A FOX staple since 1989, COPS has, as of 2013, outlasted all competing scripted police shows. Another series that has seen wide success is â€Å"Cheaters†, which has been running since 2000 in the US and is syndicated in over 100 countries worldwide. In 2001, the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences adde d the reality genre to the Emmy Awards with the category ofOutstanding Reality Program. In 2003, to better differentiate between competition and informational reality programs, a second category, Outstanding Reality-Competition Program, was added. In 2008, a third category, Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program, was added. 2010s In 2010, The Tester became the first reality television show aired over a video game console. By 2012, many of the long-running reality television show franchises in the United States, such as American Idol, Dancing with the Stars and The Bachelor, had begun to see declining ratings. However, reality television as a whole remained highly durable in the U.S., with hundreds of shows across many channels. In 2012 New York Magazine’s Vulture blog published a humorous Venn diagram showing popular themes across American reality shows then running, including shows set in the U.S. states of Alaska, Louisiana and Texas, shows about cakes, weddings and pawnbrokers, and shows, usually competition-based, whose title includes the word â€Å"Wars†. The Voice, a singing competition franchise created by John de Mol that started in 2010, is the newest highly successful reality  television franchise, with almost 50 international adaptations. Duck Dynasty, a reality series featuring the Robertson family that founded Duck Commander, in 2013 became the most popular reality series in U.S. cable television history. Its fourth season premiere was viewed by nearly 12 million viewers in the United States, most of which were in rural markets; its rural audience share has ranked in the 30s, an extremely high number for any series, broadcast or cable. RESEARCH AND FORUM COMMENTS I did a research in 7th grade, and research showed that 40 students watch some reality show and just 11 don’t. Also, I find a Big Brother forum and here are some comments from there: 1. In my opinion, Big Brother is the best show on TV. It’s about real people in real life situations. They teach us something about human nature†¦And it’s fun to watch! 2. Reality TV never teaches me anything. I don’t believe for a second it shows people in realistic situations. What’s realistic about being isolated from the rest of the world and recorded by cameras 24/7 3. I think that’s a great idea-who doesn’t want to be on TV and star in TV show? 4. Big Brother is my favourite show. I think that is really funny and that you can learn a lot from people who are there. Opinions are different, but there is more people who watch reality shows and enjoy in them, than people who don’t watch them.

History of Greenwich Village in Manhattan Essay

Greenwich Village’s history begins in the 16th century when its area was first settled by Native American tribes and then by the Dutch who called it New Amsterdam. In the 1660s, it was conquered by the British and its current name was first mentioned in 1713. In the late 18th century, the area known today as Washington Square Park was occupied by a Potters Field Cemetery, closed in 1826. During the outbreaks of yellow fever and cholera in early 19th century Manhattan, its citizens began to flee to Greenwich Village building new houses in the Federal style, shops, and banks. They built New York University in 1836 and made it an artistic and intellectual center. Buildings in the Greek Revival style appeared around Washington Square as well as the marble arch commemorating Washington’s inauguration as President that was built in 1892 (â€Å"Village History†). An unusual wooden house at 6 Weehawken Street is the only surviving example of 18th century oyster bars that were common in the Village at that time. That street also had many stables with apartments above them some of which can be still seen today. Residential houses whose ground floors were used for commercial purposes where more common, however. After the Civil War, Greenwich Village saw the erection of factories, warehouses, and other industrial buildings typical of the Industrial Revolution such as, for example, the Shepherd Warehouse at West Street or the Tower Warehouses at Greenwich Street. The late 19th century also saw the erection of beautiful maritime hotels (Great Eastern Hotel) and ecclesiastical buildings (Victorian Public School at West Street) (â€Å"The Far West Village and Greenwich Village Waterfront†). By the end of the 19th century, the wealthy citizens built new buildings north from the original settlement that was left to the newly arrived immigrants from Europe. In the early 20th century, Greenwich Village’s theaters and galleries attracted artists and writers, and new luxury apartment buildings appeared. In the middle of the 20th century, Greenwich Village began to look like it appears today and has not changed a lot since then. In the second half of the 20th century, many industrial buildings and warehouses were converted to residential buildings (Sass â€Å"History of Greenwich Village, Manhattan†).

Holt Renfrew Essay

Executive Summary Holt Renfrew, is high-end retail chain for designer fashions and cosmetics that imports their products from Europe, Asia and USA. They are facing some challenges regarding the size of their current warehouse and inventory levels. The warehouse is not big enough to accommodate all their inventory and as such goods are always scattered everywhere. They are also finding it difficult to track their orders, due to the fact that they do not have an updated Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system to help them track these orders. They follow up over the phone which is never accurate. For this reason, they hardly how much goods are coming in and what to expect at a particular time. This has also created an issue of stock outs. These issues need to be addressed to ensure customer order fulfillment. Different  options have been made available to help Holt Renfrew address these issues which are improving the physical structure of the warehouse by installing mezzanines, outsourcing warehousin g to a third party or building/leasing a new warehouse, modernizing their distribution process and human resource reallocation. Upon review of the different options, the most favourable one for the company would be to install mezzanines. By installing mezzanines, the physical layout of the warehouse will be increased and it will create more room for inventory. The new available space will accommodate the extra products, usually scattered on the ground as well as the ones that are usually sent to the secondary warehouse where unsold goods are kept. This will enable the company shut down the secondary warehouse and save that extra cost of leasing, since the newly installed mezzanine will now owned by the company. This will save the company a total cost of $540,000 per year that is used to lease the secondary warehouse in Mississauga. A proper and updated ERP system will also need to be installed for the company to keep track of their inventory records. The human brain is never as effective as machines when it comes to record keeping. This will produce accurate records so that the company knows exactly what to expect, how much to expect at any given time and will be able to provide equal storage bins for the products. This will solve the issue of clustered merchandizes scattered everywhere, causing health and safety hazards. Once these strategies are implemented, Holt Renfrew will enjoy continued substantial growth and business sustainability because they will now be able keep track of their inventory and store them accordingly. There will no longer be the issue of stock outs and customer fulfillment will be at the highest level. They will also be able to increase profit, while maintaining and increasing their market share. Situational Analysis Holt Renfrew is a high-end Canadian retail chain based in Toronto, Ontario. It was founded in 1837 as a hat and fur shop and is owned by The Wittington Group, headed by Canadian business leader Galen Weston. Tony is a new employee and will have to prepare a detailed plan that will identify the major steps he intended to take in his new position. He will do this well because new employees are more likely to introduce radical change into an organization than old employees. Peak sales for the company are in  March/April, July/August, and November/December but used publicity campaigns for promotion. This meant more advertising cost and less sales for Holt Renfrew for half of a year. There is need for marketing and sales improvement. The company has approximately 3,000 suppliers but only 1,000 are used in a typical year. Secondary warehouse was used to store items that were not sold in the store which is a huge waste of a whole 60,000 sq. ft. facility. There is no need for that additional facility since it increases direct and overhead costs. It should be eliminated. The DC is cluttered with merchandise everywhere, under conveyors and scattered across aisles. Tony considered three strategies: improving the physical structure and process flow in the distribution center, the modernization of distribution systems and business processes, and to reallocate human resources. He had to obtain goods from the companies international suppliers and quickly distribute them to their stores within Canada to gain competitive edge. It will be dangerous not to do anything about the issues the company is facing. Even though the company will save a little cost by doing nothing now, it will have long term effects because if they keep dissatisfying their consumers by not delivering their orders on time because of the issue of stock outs, and no space to put inventory, they will have a reduced market share, which is not good for any company. Recommendation It is my recommendation that mezzanines be installed in the current warehouse. This is the best option because it is the most cost effective, least expensive and less time consuming. Tony estimated that the cost of installing a 20,000 sq. ft. mezzanine to accommodate the inventory is $1 million dollars, which is much less than the cost of leasing/building or outsourcing. The current activities of the warehouse will not be disrupted and the geographical location will not shift. There will be no additional cost of marketing any new location and the mezzanines will be engineered to Holt Renfrew’s specs. Another important consideration is ownership, it will be owned and operated strictly by Holt Renfrew. Once there is a mezzanine installed and more room to store inventory, health and safety concerns will be reduced because the products will be stored perfectly. Tactical Improvements A project team should be set up that will oversee the installation of the mezzanines over the period of installation. Mezzanines should be bought from ArcForce Mezzanines. They are manufacturers of this product which makes their own price cheaper than most other dealers. Their skilled staff will assist the project team from the project conception through completion with insight, experience and engineering integrity. The design engineers will customize any steel mezzanine storage system to meet Holt Renfrew’s warehouse requirements. Once purchased, work should begin immediately and installation should get started. After the installation is complete, management will need to constantly follow up and inspect the mezzanines regularly to ensure it is utilized effectively, and maintained. Conclusion Holt Renfrew has faced several issues regarding their stock keeping unit. This has led to stock outs, delivery inconsistences and lack of space in the current warehouse due to bad record keeping. However, from the recommendation given above, this issue will be resolved but not completely, giving the warehouse enough room to store their inventory. Once the mezzanine has been installed, the next action plan should be to get an up to date ERP system that will enable the staff keep proper record and track of their inventory. If the mezzanines are built and there is still no proper track kept, the issues will not be solved completely. They will still be unsure of their inventory supplies. The complete solution will be to install the mezzanines and then immediately after, update the ERP system. Bibliography Ivey Case Study- Holt Renfrew. (2012) StudyMode.com. Retrieved from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Ivey-Case-Study-Holt-Renfrew-937118.html Hi-Cube Blog (2013). All about Structural Mezzanine. Retrieved from http://blog.hicube.com/blog/bid/280503/All-about-Structural-Mezzanine ArcForce Mezzanines (n.d). Custom Steel Industrial Mezzanines -Direct from the Manufacturer! Retrieved from http://www.arcforce.com/default.htm

Aggression and violence, nature or nurture

Aggression is a common behavior in humans. It is not necessary to regard aggressiveness in a person as a bad quality for it has been found to be necessary in animals and is a part of nature. The more aggressive animal in a species is generally more successful, powerful and gains control over food, territory and mates. Aggression is also a means of maintaining social order. Aggressiveness in this case becomes a necessity for Darwin’s survival of the fittest. In the highly developed human, there is a negative form of aggressiveness called as malignant aggression where man causes harm or injury to another for the sole purpose of sadistic pleasure or revenge. These acts are generally premeditated or planned and it is this form of aggressiveness that should be discouraged in children. This form of aggressiveness is more often than not due to nurture and not nature. It results from negative emotions like frustration, hatred, prejudice, and fear or from depression or mental imbalance. Children are exposed to violence from a very early age thanks to television, news and cases of domestic violence at home and quarrels in the school. Children have been found to learn from these experiences and behave in an aggressive manner because of this sort of exposure. But it has been found that the aggressiveness is an innate trait and is as much biological and genetical as it is environmental. Children who are aggressive and violent have been found to have parents and relatives who are violent and aggressive. There are two ways of looking at this. The child could be aggressive by nature as the gene of aggressiveness is prevalent in the family or the child can be violent by nurture as he sees violence on a daily basis and believes it to be a part of life. But the fact remains that a child, genes or otherwise, would not be prone to violent behavior unless he was brought up in a violent environment. Statement of Study. Aggression can be useful in some cases but when it becomes violent can be destructive. While many biologists claim that the genes precondition aggressive behavior in a person, psychiatrists and sociologists believe that man’s behavior is a reflection and result of the environment and society that he is brought up in. Various studies and observations prove that man’s aggression is neither solely because of nature or solely because of nurture. It is because of a combination of the two. Both heredity and environment are responsible for man’s intricate personality, including the areas of violence and aggression but environment has more influence on the person and the environment and method of bringing up the child can help control and discourage the aggressiveness in the child. INTRODUCTION The news everyday is full of reports about rape, murders, wars and other forms of violence. But that is at a larger scale. Even in day to day life we come across acts of violence and aggression. Children’s fights among themselves, couples’ fights and arguments at the work place are all common happenings. Each year in the United States alone, over 5 million children are directly exposed to violence of some sort or the other whether it is domestic violence, physical abuse or movies on television. Defining Aggressiveness Aggression is a desire or intent to hurt or harm someone, not necessarily physically, and follow it up with an action with intent to harm that person. It is a noxious stimulus, which attempts to show authority, superiority and make a stand. It can be verbal, such as, insults, threats, accusations or sarcasm or physical in nature such as punishment, restrictions or physical abuse. There are two main types of aggression – Affective aggression and Instrumental aggression. Affective aggression is simply anger and its goal is to injure and harm. Instrumental aggression is self – protection and defense and is seen in situations such as wars or by a victim against the perpetrator. Most violent behavior is a defensive response to perceived aggression. It is a reaction to an expected action. Benign aggression is another name for instrumental aggression while the term malignant aggression is used to describe aggression whose aim is to hurt other for sadistic pleasure. Malignant aggression is a form of affective aggression. Aggression is also a means of maintaining social order among many species. It is present in many animals, especially mammals, with animals competing with each other for food, dwelling spaces and mates. The stronger and more aggressive competitor is generally successful. Aggression therefore can be self – protective and useful but can also be destructive and violent. However, if aggression is an effective method among animals in maintaining social order and self – defense, reckless violence appears to be a poor survival mechanism. Violence is heterogeneous and is generally impulsive, reactive or defensive and carried out in a moment of anger or fear. At other times it can be predatory and remorseless aggression. Violent behaviors can also be related to intoxication from alcohol or due to neuropsychiatric conditions. Violent acts may be the result of personal or cultural belief systems (political or religious terrorism) and can be directed against a specific victim (domestic violence) or a specific group (racism and bigotry against African   Americans, Jews or Homosexuals). Violence can also be sexualized as in the case of rape. It is evident that the emotion of aggression does not exist alone. It is generally combined with other negative emotions such as fear, anger, and depression and in cases of planned violence, even prejudice and hatred. The Nurture Theory All the theories and hypothesis provided under the nurture theory support the view that man’s aggressiveness is conditioned by his environment, learning and his experiences. Aristotle proposed that at birth, man’s mind is a blank slate or â€Å"tabula rasa†. One’s environment and experiences are recorded on it, promoting a particular behavior or personality in that individual. Buddhism too focuses on the principle that human behavior can be controlled by altering one’s state of mind. According to Buddha’s teachings, suffering can be eliminated by removing from the mind, desire, greed, anger, passion, fear and other destructive impulses. Certain social pressures and situations cause an aggravation of aggressiveness in daily life such as influence of media, pollution of various types, abusive parenting, overcrowding, racist or prejudiced views and a sense of humiliation and defeat or helplessness. Behaviorists apply the â€Å"principles of social learning theory† where aggression is dealt in term of:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Features of the environment that fosters the initial learning or acquisition of the behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environmental influences that facilitate aggressive behavior (as said earlier).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environmental conditions that maintain aggressive behavior (as said earlier). Pollution and Aggressiveness Research has revealed that pollution such as noise and air pollution may not cause but increase probability of aggressive behavior. High levels of noise for long periods of time results in loss of hearing, hypertension, stress and a decrease in the efficiency level that results in frustration. Air pollution such as emission from cars and other motor vehicles causes an increase in heart and lung problems, fatigue and decrease in efficiency and lack of concentration. Pollution of any type is an intensifier of already present behavior. An already aggressive person will only become more aggressive to the extent of becoming violent. Frustration – Aggression Hypothesis According to this hypothesis, â€Å"Aggression is always a consequence of frustration. The existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression†. This basically means that when there is a hurdle blocking the path towards a goal, frustration sets in. as a result of frustration, aggression occurs which is a series of actions, not necessarily right ones, to attain that goal. This hypothesis is not entirely true. Frustration does not always result in aggression and violence. People react in different ways when frustrated. They may bite their tongue, think about something else, attempt a different route to the goal, laugh it off or get depressed, and not necessarily angry. (Sarah McCawley, 2002) Social Learning Theory This model of Nurture theory denies that humans are innately aggressive and that aggression is learned by either observing aggressive model (movies, domestic violence or even the news) or by receiving payoffs following acts of aggression. These payoffs may be in the form of stopping aggression by others, gaining praise, status and respect by being aggressive, a sense of power and security or just reducing tension and stress. (Sarah McCawley, 2002)   In her article â€Å"The Nature of Aggression (or is it Nurture?)†, Sarah McCawley says that if a particular person or a specific group are perceived as offensive or dangerous or inferior than we are prone to be aggressive and irritable towards that person or group. Our society and culture provides us with certain stereotypical ideas that direct our resentment, prejudice, discrimination and hatred towards certain types of people. If we dislike someone or some group, we are more inclined to hurting them. This makes it evident as to how our thoughts influence our actions and every time we demean another human and look at him with hatred or contempt, we increase the potential for aggression. (Sarah McCawley, 2002) A few researchers feel that aggression is used at times as a means of recovering lost pride. When one’s pride is hurt, violence is an attempt to restore status and self – esteem by hurting the offender. The inability to find meaning in one’s life causes resentment and a sense of helplessness. In such cases malignant aggression is observed. Hitler was a prime example of malignant aggression, killing millions of innocent Poles, russians and Jews. This is all a result of an underlying sense of powerlessness, which compels them to prove to themselves and others that they are powerful. Stalin is another example who tortured and killed many political prisoners who opposed his policies. In daily life, such incidents can be noted in the behavior of a teacher or boss when he sees a student or worker break into a cold sweat. Hauck in his work â€Å"Overcoming Frustration and Anger† beautifully explains how these negative emotions of powerlessness, frustration and depression an be overcome and thus control anger. Our own irrational ideas are the cause of these emotions. Hauck described a woman who had been insulted and abused by an alcoholic husband for 30 years. She hated him. He had wasted enormous amounts of needed money on drinks. He was self-centered. The woman hated her husband and had contempt for him. When a rational emotive therapist told her â€Å"Your husband is sick. You are demanding that he change but he can’t.† she started to view her husband with sympathy and pity instead of hatred. She had created her own misery and anger by drowning in self pity. But when she looked at her husband as a patient who needed help, she looked upon herself as his caretaker and savior. Thus her change in attitude and thoughts helped her lose the anger that was inside her.

Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm - Essay Example On the other hand, Fujifilm is a Japanese concern, established in the year 1934, operating in the segment of photography and imaging. But within a very small time frame, the organization became successful in captivating the entire market into its grips that contributed in cementing its reputation and competitiveness in the market of Japan (Fandel, 2007). Soon, it tried to expand its popularity and brand image on the entire globe by offering value-added products at a quite competitive price. This strategy proved effective for the organization of Fujifilm to enhance its leadership and reliability in the global market as compared to others. In order to amplify the sustainability and productivity, Eastman Kodak offered more attention over innovation as well as development of products. However, in order to offer innovative products, the organization concentrated more over digital imaging by utilizing digital print Kiosks in the entire globe. This strategy or product innovation proved extremely effective for the organization that amplified its reputation and demand in the market. Moreover, due to the utilization of digital kiosks, the organization was able to offer online photo services to its target customers that intensified its image and loyalty within their minds among others. Furthermore, in order to improve the customer base and profitability in the segment of ink jet printer, the organization developed digital camera. This helped the organization to increase its total sales and dominance in the market, in spite of numerous competitive rivalries. On the other hand, Fujifilm, tried to implement a different management strategy, in order to amplify its reputation and customer base (Markham, 2006). The organization ventured in different markets and offered varied types of new executions to its existing technology. This strategy of making various alliances and

The Economy, Monetary Policy and Monopolies Essay

The Economy, Monetary Policy and Monopolies - Essay Example For instance, in 2007 the interest rate was recorded to be approximately 5% which decreased to below 1% by the end of 2009. Since then, till the current phase of the economic conditions prevailing within United States the interest rates has been recorded below 0.5% which shows further decline in the country’s financial market (US Department of the Treasury, 2012). Inflation Rates Fig.2: US Inflation Rates 2002-2012 (US Inflation Calculator, 2012) The inflation rates of the United States which was recorded as 4.1% during the year 2007 which further declined to 0.1% by the year 2008. However, it augmented to an average of 2% within the period of 2009 to 2012. This indicates that in terms of inflation rates the economy is regaining its stability performing almost similarly as during the period prior to 2007 (US Inflation Calculator, 2012). Unemployment Rates Fig.3: US Unemployment Rates 2007-2012 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012) In relation to the above represented statist ics, it can be observed that United States witnessed an unemployment rate between 4-5% during 2007-2008. This further augmented to above 8% by 2012. This indicates that the economy had been witnessing a continuous de-gradation of its employment situation in the labor market over the past five years (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). 2. Propose two (2) strategies that the federal government could implement that would encourage people to spend more money in order to create employment opportunities. Financial Leverage Financial leverage can be considered as one of the effective sets of practices in which the Return on Equity (RoE) is increased through the escalating rate of debt amounts. With this concern, the federal government of the U.S. should be focused on magnifying the amount of RoE even in situations when debt amounts tend to be increasing. Therefore, the financial strategy of the federal government should consider the investable assets related to the amount of equity as it would promote financial growth (Financial Literacy and Education Commission, 2011). Financial Decision Making and Financial Literacy Strategies related to the augmentation of financial literacy and effective decision making process would further provide competent direction in relation to financial education, policy, research, practice as well as coordination among the stakeholders, investors and other financial institutions. Moreover, effective forms of financial education and decision making process would offer the benefits of evaluating the risk of interest rates and provide an effective way to trim down the debt amounts (Financial Literacy and Education Commission, 2011). 3. Identify a situation in the past 50 years in which the government used antitrust policies to stop a monopoly from occurring. Include the circumstances of the proposed monopoly and the reason the government stepped in. Predict what would have occurred had the monopoly succeeded. Various antitrust policies h ave been implemented by the US government over the past decades to prohibit unhealthy competition in terms of monopoly within its national business environment. One of such Act can be identified as the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984 (15 U.S.C. Â § Â § 4301-05). The reason behind implementing this act can be